follow religiously / adhere to / maintain Explanation: Paragraph B begins, “These reviews all have the same format”. In the context of IELTS, “follow” implies maintaining a standard procedure.
These compound libraries are then screened quickly to find molecules with desired properties, such as fighting a specific disease or acting as a potent pesticide. a buzz in the world of chemistry reading answers with
That was fine when only one product was sought. Now the demand is for thousands of products to satisfy the automated high-through-put screening system employed by the major pharmaceutical companies. How can this be achieved? follow religiously / adhere to / maintain Explanation:
If the passage is :
To handle the numbers involved, chemists have adapted the techniques that were originally developed for synthesizing peptides. Using the solid-phase method, the first building block is attached to a solid support, such as a resin bead. The reaction vessel is then washed and the next building block is added. And so on. Then, in the 1980s, a technique was developed for creating large libraries of compounds called “split and mix”. Using this method, a library of compounds attached to solid supports can be subdivided, coupled with different building blocks and then recombined. H. Mario Geysen, a medicinal chemist in Australia, developed a technique where the peptides are synthesized on polyethylene pins that fit into the wells of a microtiter plate. Later, this technology was used to attach other types of molecules, not just peptides. There is a third method: the light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis, which combines solid-phase synthesis with photolithography. This technique, developed by Steve Fodor and his colleagues, has been commercialized by a California biotechnology company. That was fine when only one product was sought
Paragraph B – One of the loudest buzzes came from the discovery of “single-atom catalysts” (SACs). Traditional catalysts rely on nanoparticles, but SACs isolate individual metal atoms on a support, maximizing efficiency. In 2011, Dr. Qiao’s team first demonstrated platinum atoms on an iron oxide support. The buzz? These SACs exhibited extraordinary activity for carbon monoxide oxidation, previously unattainable with bulk platinum.
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field that combines chemistry, physics, and engineering to develop new materials with unique properties. Recent advances in materials science have led to the development of new materials with applications in fields such as energy, medicine, and electronics. For example, researchers have developed new battery materials that are more efficient and sustainable, and new medical implants that are stronger and more durable.