, alongside the formation of coordinate bonds in ammonium and hydronium ions. 3. Study of Acids, Bases and Salts

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This practical chapter deals with the action of Ammonium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide on various salt solutions. The solutions provide a structured color-coded guide to precipitates, helping students identify unknown cations easily during practicals and theory exams. 5. Mole Concept and Stoichiometry

This extensive section covers the laboratory preparation, industrial manufacture, and properties of four critical compounds. : Hydrogen Chloride ( HClcap H cap C l ), Ammonia ( NH3cap N cap H sub 3 ), Nitric Acid ( HNO3cap H cap N cap O sub 3 ), and Sulphuric Acid ( H2SO4cap H sub 2 cap S cap O sub 4