In The Case for Animal Rights , Regan argued from a deontological (duty-based) perspective. He stated that animals are "subjects-of-a-life" with inherent value. Because they have desires, perceptions, and a psychological identity over time, they cannot be used as a mere means to human ends. 3. Contemporary Issues in Animal Welfare and Rights
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The scientific community increasingly embraces the 3Rs principle : Replacement (using non-animal models like organs-on-a-chip), Reduction (using fewer animals), and Refinement (minimizing pain and distress through better anesthesia or housing). Entertainment and Tourism In The Case for Animal Rights , Regan
: A scientific and practical approach focused on the quality of life of animals. It accepts that humans may use animals for food, research, or companionship, provided they are treated humanely and their suffering is minimized. Entertainment and Tourism : A scientific and practical